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Abstract Although steel ornamented with designs has stirred interest in Europe for several centuries, the numerous formulas (for its manufacture) transmitted by medieval sources in Arabic and Persian have not yet been the object of an investigative study. Moreover, the many formulas for the tempering (of this material) have never been seriously examined. However, they reveal some of the secrets of the damasked plates which metallurgists have attempted to discover since the last century. These secrets have only been analysed through the study of recent specimens which are a long way off from the quality of ornamented steel of the High Middle Ages (such as that made by Yemenites, Indians, and Malaysians), whose splendour, resistance, and litheness are described by oriental sources.
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