How we should measure "change": Or should we?

Lee J. Cronbach · Lita Furby

2,463 citations0/0 files storedPsychological Bulletin

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Psychological Testing and Assessment Educational Assessment and Pedagogy

Abstract

Procedures previously recommended by various authors for the estimation of scores, residual or basefree measures of change, and other kinds of difference scores are examined. A procedure proposed by Lord is extended to obtain more precise estimates, and an alternative to the Tucker-Damarin-Messick procedure is offered. A consideration of the purposes for which change measures have been sought in the past leads to a series of recommended procedures which solve research and personnel-decision problems without estimation of change scores for individuals.

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