Effect of Abuse During Pregnancy on Maternal and Child Safety and Functioning for 24 Months After Delivery

JUDITH M. McFARLANE · John A. Maddoux · Sandra K. Cesario · Anne Koci · Fuqin Liu · Heidi Gilroy +1 more

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Intimate Partner and Family Violence Child Abuse and Trauma Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term safety and functioning outcomes for abused women reporting abuse during pregnancy and their children's behavior compared with abused women who do not report abuse during pregnancy. METHODS: Forty-six abused women seeking assistance for partner abuse and reporting being pregnant during the preceding 4 months were evaluated every 4 months for 24 months to compare levels of abuse, danger for murder, anxiety, depression, somatization, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for abused women who report abuse during pregnancy (n=24) compared with abused women reporting abuse only outside of pregnancy (n=22). Internalizing and externalizing behavior scores were evaluated for the children. RESULTS: At entry into the study, abused women reporting abuse during pregnancy reported significantly greater (P<.05) threats of abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, danger for murder, and PTSD compared with abused women not reporting abuse during pregnancy. Effect sizes were large. When evaluated over the course of 24 months after delivery, risk for murder remained higher for women reporting abuse during pregnancy for 8 months after delivery, depression was higher at 4, 8, 16, and 20 months after delivery, and PTSD was appreciably higher for 24 months. Children living with mothers abused during pregnancy displayed more behavioral problems for the entire 24-month period, especially problems of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION: The study documents the negative safety and function effects of abuse in pregnant women that remain for at least 24 months after delivery. This warrants incorporating abuse screening during the antenatal and postdelivery periods and a protocol of care during the antenatal period and beyond.

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References

2000Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles 2003Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review.2003The Effects of Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence: A Meta-Analysis and Critique 2000Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering 2010Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 States, 2007 2010Treatment for PTSD Related to Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Controlled Trial 1992Development of the severity of violence against women scales 1999Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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2016Interrupting Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy With an Effective Screening and Assessment Program

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