THE RELATION OF INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Stanley B. Messer

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Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Personality Traits and Psychology Educational Outcomes and Influences

Abstract

MESSER, STANLEY B. The Relation of Internal-External Control to Academic Performance. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 1456-1462. Children who perceived their academic performance as contingent on their own effort and abilities (internals) were compared on school grades and on tests of academic achievement with children who viewed their school performance as due to luck or the whims of others (externals). Internals were shown to have higher grades and achievement test scores than externals even when IQ and cognitive impulsivity were statistically controlled. Boys who took credit for their academic successes and girls who accepted blame for their failures were those most likely to have higher grades and higher achievement test scores.

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1966Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.1968EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY 1967Equality of Educational Opportunity.1973A locus of control scale for children.1964Information processing in the child: Significance of analytic and reflective attitudes.1965CHILDREN'S BELIEFS IN THEIR OWN CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENTS IN INTEUECTUAL-ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT SITUATIONS 1966Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A review.1963children's feelings of personal control as related to social class and ethnic group1

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