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Answers to Four Questions
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Answers to Four Questions (2005)Answers to Four QuestionsJournal of Business Ethics (2017)Journal of Business EthicsMutual Fund Attributes and Investor Behavior (2007)Mutual Fund Attributes and In…The Eco-Efficiency Premium Puzzle (2005)The Eco-Efficiency Premium Pu…International evidence on ethical mutual fund performance and investment style (2004)International evidence on eth…Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis (2003)Corporate Social and Financia…Corporate Governance, Board Diversity, and Firm Value (2003)Corporate Governance, Board D…Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective (2001)Corporate Social Responsibili…Do Corporate Global Environmental Standards Create or Destroy Market Value? (2000)Do Corporate Global Environme…Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification? (2000)Corporate social responsibili…DOES STAKEHOLDER ORIENTATION MATTER? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT MODELS AND FIRM FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE. (1999)DOES STAKEHOLDER ORIENTATION …THE CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE LINK (1997)THE CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMA…A RESOURCE-BASED PERSPECTIVE ON CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND PROFITABILITY. (1997)A RESOURCE-BASED PERSPECTIVE …Journal of Economic Theory (1993)Journal of Economic TheoryThe Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns (1992)The Cross-Section of Expected…The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing (1976)The arbitrage theory of capit…The financial analysts journal (1960)The financial analysts journalInvestigating socially responsible investing behaviour of Indian investors using structural equation modelling (2020)Investigating socially respon…The Routledge Handbook of Responsible Investment (2015)The Routledge Handbook of Res…The Market Performance of Socially Responsible Investment during Periods of the Economic Cycle – Illustrated Using the Case of FTSE (2015)The Market Performance of Soc…Comparison between Islamic and General Equity Funds of Pakistan: Difference in Their Performances and Fund Flow Volatility (2015)Comparison between Islamic an…An equation with many variables: unhiding the relationship between sustainability and investment performance (2014)An equation with many variabl…Fund Loyalty Among Socially Responsible Investors: The Importance of the Economic and Ethical Domains (2013)Fund Loyalty Among Socially R…A Synthesis of Modern Portfolio Theoryand Sustainable Investment (2012)A Synthesis of Modern Portfol…The Relationship Between Environmental Social Governance Factors and U.S. Stock Performance (2010)The Relationship Between Envi…Socially Responsible Investment in a Global Environment (2010)Socially Responsible Investme…Stakeholder influence capacity and the variability of financial returns to corporate social responsibility (2007)The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits (2007)Corporate responsibility and financial performance: the role of intangible resources (2009)Strategic management a stakeholder approach (2010)External Control of Organizations: Resource Dependence Perspective (2011)The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value: The Role of Customer Awareness (2013)R&D, Patents, and Productivity (1987)AGENCY CONFLICT AND CORPORATE STRATEGY: THE EFFECT OF DIVESTMENT ON CORPORATE VALUE (1997)Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business (2003)CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: A THEORY OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK* (1964)The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets (1965)THE VALUATION OF RISK ASSETS AND THE SELECTION OF RISKY INVESTMENTS IN STOCK PORTFOLIOS AND CAPITAL BUDGETS**This paper is another in a series of interrelated theoretical and statistical studies of corporate financial and investment policies being made under grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, and more recently the Ford Foundation, to the Harvard Business School. The generous support for this work is most gratefully acknowledged. The author is also much indebted to his colleagues Professors Bishop, Christenson, Kahr, Raiffa, and (especially) Schlaifer, for extensive discussion and commentary on an earlier draft of this paper; but responsibility for any errors or imperfections remains strictly his own.[Professor Sharpe's paper, “Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk” (Journal of Finance, September 1964) appeared after this paper was in final form and on its way to the printers. My first section, which parallels the first half of his paper (with corresponding conclusions), sets the algebraic framework for sections II, III and VI, (which have no counterpart in his paper) and for section IV on the equilibrium prices of risk assets, concerning which our results differ significantly for reasons which will be explored elsewhere. Sharpe does not take up the capital budgeting problem developed in section V below.] (1975)Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring (1984)Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds (1993)Separation of Ownership and Control (1983)Management ownership and market valuation (1988)The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems (1993)Gender Diversity in the Boardroom and Firm Financial Performance (2007)Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance☆ (2009)Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis (2014)Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage (1991)Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage (2004)Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? an institutional theory of corporate social responsibility (2007)Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting (2010)A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance (1979)Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (1980)Corporate Social Performance Revisited (1991)The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields (1983)The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (2004)ESG and financial performance: aggregated evidence from more than 2000 empirical studies (2015)Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests (1973)Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency (1993)Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects (2002)A resource‐based view of the firm (1984)PERFORMANCE, SLACK, AND RISK TAKING IN ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION MAKING. (1986)A Natural-Resource-Based View of the Firm (1995)Rediscovering Satisfaction (1999)A Review of The Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 1996–2003 (2005)13 Ethical Decision Making: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going (2008)
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References

  • 1992The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns17,251 cited
  • 2003Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis7,627 cited
  • 2001Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective7,563 cited
  • 1976The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing7,081 cited
  • 1997THE CORPORATE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE-FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE LINK6,756 cited
  • 1997A RESOURCE-BASED PERSPECTIVE ON CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND PROFITABILITY.4,813 cited
  • 2000Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification?3,818 cited
  • 2003Corporate Governance, Board Diversity, and Firm Value3,367 cited
  • 1999DOES STAKEHOLDER ORIENTATION MATTER? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT MODELS AND FIRM FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE.2,490 cited
  • 2017Journal of Business Ethics1,946 cited
  • 2000Do Corporate Global Environmental Standards Create or Destroy Market Value?1,338 cited
  • 2004International evidence on ethical mutual fund performance and investment style1,150 cited
  • 1960The financial analysts journal1,043 cited
  • 2005The Eco-Efficiency Premium Puzzle963 cited
  • 1993Journal of Economic Theory875 cited

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  • 2007Mutual Fund Attributes and Investor Behavior765 cited
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    • 2015The Routledge Handbook of Responsible Investment62 cited
    • 2010The Relationship Between Environmental Social Governance Factors and U.S. Stock Performance59 cited
    • 2020Investigating socially responsible investing behaviour of Indian investors using structural equation modelling54 cited
    • 2013Fund Loyalty Among Socially Responsible Investors: The Importance of the Economic and Ethical Domains45 cited
    • 2015The Market Performance of Socially Responsible Investment during Periods of the Economic Cycle – Illustrated Using the Case of FTSE44 cited
    • 2010Socially Responsible Investment in a Global Environment40 cited
    • 2012A Synthesis of Modern Portfolio Theoryand Sustainable Investment30 cited
    • 2014An equation with many variables: unhiding the relationship between sustainability and investment performance23 cited
    • 2015Comparison between Islamic and General Equity Funds of Pakistan: Difference in Their Performances and Fund Flow Volatility19 cited