MODELS OF CONCENTRATION IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH BASED ON STREAMS OF EXPERIENTIAL DATA

Giovanni B. Moneta · Mihály Csíkszentmihályi

70 citations0/0 files storedSocial Behavior and Personality An International Journal

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Flow Experience in Various Fields Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

Abstract

This paper investigates a prediction from flow theory according to which subjective feelings of concentration depend on the balance between perceived challenges posed by a task and one's perceived skills in mastering the task. The goal is to compare three different formalizations of balance (crossproduct, absolute difference, and quadratic effects of challenges and skills following a rotation of the predictor axes) with respect to how well each model predicts everyday life selfreports of feelings of concentration, which were obtained with the Experience Sampling Method from 208 talented high school students. Multilevel modeling with first-order autocorrelation structure is used throughout the model comparison. All models fitted reasonably well, accounting for nearly half of the variance. With reference to simple goodness-of-fit criteria, we conclude that both the rotated and the absolute difference models are to be preferred. Lastly, we discuss and compare the implications of the models for teaching, and outline extensions toward dynamic modeling and external modeling, by relating the subject specific effects of challenges and skills and of their balance with non-experiential variables such as personality traits and achievement measures.

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References

1985Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior 1988Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior 1990Flow: the psychology of optimal experience 1957The Measurement of Meaning 1975Beyond boredom and anxiety 1985The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality 1987Validity and Reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method 1989Optimal experience in work and leisure.

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2014A Self-Report Measure of Cognitive Processes Associated with Creativity 2012Can Balance be Boring? A Critique of the “Challenges Should Match Skills” Hypotheses in Flow Theory 2012Capturing teacher students’ emotional experiences in context: does inquiry-based learning make a difference?2021On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Flow 2016Universal and Cultural Dimensions of Optimal Experiences 2010Dispositional flow as a mediator of the relationships between attentional control and approaches to studying during academic examination preparation

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