Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model

Kim Witte

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Behavioral Health and Interventions Risk Perception and Management Media Influence and Health

Abstract

The fear appeal literature is diverse and inconsistent. Existing fear appeal theories explain the positive linear results occurring in many studies, but are unable to explain the boomerang or curvilinear results occurring in other studies. The present work advances a theory integrating previous theoretical perspectives (i.e., Janis, 1967; Leventhal, 1970; Rogers, 1975, 1983) that is based on Leventhal's (1970) danger control/fear control framework. The proposed fear appeal theory, called the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), expands on previous approaches in three ways: (a) by explaining why fear appeals fail; (b) by re‐incorporating fear as a central variable; and (c) by specifying the relationship between threat and efficacy in propositional forms. Specific propositions are given to guide future research.

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References

1977Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.1985Stress, appraisal, and coping 2013Stress: Appraisal and Coping 1991Emotion And Adaptation 1969The Handbook of Social Psychology 1984The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later 1980Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.1975A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1

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2000A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns 2010Using the Internet to Promote Health Behavior Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Theoretical Basis, Use of Behavior Change Techniques, and Mode of Delivery on Efficacy 2007Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination.2010A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior 1994Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM)

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