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Pessimistic, Anxious, and Depressive Personality Traits Predict All-Cause Mortality: The Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Personality and Aging

Brandon R. Grossardt · James H. Bower · Yonas E. Geda · Robert C. Colligan · Walter A. Rocca

121 citations0/0 files storedPsychosomatic Medicine

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Personality Traits and Psychology Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes Cardiac Health and Mental Health

Abstract

Objective: To study the association between several personality traits and all-cause mortality. Methods: We established a historical cohort of 7216 subjects who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for research at the Mayo Clinic from 1962 to 1965, and who resided within a 120-mile radius centered in Rochester, MN. A total of 7080 subjects (98.1%) were followed over four decades either actively (via a direct or proxy telephone interview) or passively (via review of medical records or by obtaining their death certificates). We examined the association of pessimistic, anxious, and depressive personality traits (as measured using MMPI scales) with all-cause mortality. Results: A total of 4634 subjects (65.5%) died during follow-up. Pessimistic, anxious, and depressive personality traits were associated with increased all-cause mortality in both men and women. In addition, we observed a linear trend of increasing risk from the first to the fourth quartile for all three scales. Results were similar in additional analyses considering the personality scores as continuous variables, in analyses combining the three personality traits into a composite neuroticism score, and in several sets of sensitivity analyses. These associations remained significant even when personality was measured early in life (ages 20–39 years). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that personality traits related to neuroticism are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality even when they are measured early in life. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression; CI = confidence interval; EPI = Eysenck Personality Inventory; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HR = hazard ratio; IQR = interquartile range; MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; NEO-FFI = NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-PI-R = Revised NEO Personality Inventory; SD = standard deviation.

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References

1992Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory.1992Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)1972An MMPI handbook 1988Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five-year longitudinal study.1988Pessimistic explanatory style is a risk factor for physical illness: A thirty-five-year longitudinal study.2017MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY‐2 2005Domain and Facet Personality Predictors of All-Cause Mortality Among Medicare Patients Aged 65 to 100 2007Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Mortality in the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey: A 21-Year Prospective Cohort Study

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