Relationship of Gender, Self-Esteem, Social Class, and Racial Identity to Depression in Blacks

Maria B. Munford

153 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Black Psychology

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Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Mental Health Treatment and Access Health disparities and outcomes

Abstract

Previous research has indicated that depression, the most common mental illness, can be related to suchfactors as gender, self-esteem, social class, and racial identity. Subjects in this study were 146 Black university students at North Carolina Central University and 83 Black males andfemales from the general population. The subjects were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position, and the Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Data analysis was achieved through stepwise multiple regression and independent t-test techniques. Results showed that higher levels of depression were associated with lower levels of self-esteem. Preencounter and encounter attitudes were positively related to levels of depression, and internalization attitudes were negatively associated with levels of depression. No significant gender differences were found in levels of self-esteem and depression, and no significant social class differences were found in levels of depression.

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References

1965Society and the Adolescent Self-Image 1988Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation 1958Social class and mental illness: Community study.1980Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women.1990Black and white racial identity: theory, research, and practice 1980Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women 2007Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study 1962Mental health in the metropolis: The midtown Manhattan study.

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2002Membership in a Devalued Social Group and Emotional Well-Being: Developing a Model of Personal Self-Esteem, Collective Self-Esteem, and Group Socialization 1997Racial and Ethnic Identity: Their Relationship and Their Contribution to Self-Esteem 2007Racial socialization, racial identity, and Black students' adjustment to college.2006Perceived Support and Internalizing Symptoms in African American Adolescents: Self-Esteem and Ethnic Identity as Mediators 2007Ethnicity and Risk of Psychiatric Disorder Among Adolescents

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