One-Year-Olds Warn Others About Negative Action Outcomes

Birgit Knudsen · Ulf Liszkowski

41 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Cognition and Development

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Child and Animal Learning Development Language Development and Disorders Social Robot Interaction and HRI

Abstract

Warning others is a paradigm case of communicative helping and prospective action understanding. The current study addressed the ontogeny of warning in infants' gestural communication. We found that 12- and 18-month-olds (n = 84) spontaneously warned an adult by pointing out to her an aversive object hidden in her way (problem condition). In control conditions, the object was either positive (no-problem condition) or the adult had witnessed its placing (problem-known condition), which resulted in significantly less pointing. Results show that infants intervene spontaneously to help others avoid a problem before it has occurred. These acts of warning entail an understanding of negatively defined goals (to avoid an outcome) and incorrect representations of reality. Findings support theories of altruism and social–pragmatic competencies in infancy.

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References

1998Social Cognition, Joint Attention, and Communicative Competence from 9 to 15 Months of Age 2005Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs?1998Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach 2007Action Anticipation Through Attribution of False Belief by 2-Year-Olds 2007A New Look at Infant Pointing 2007Helping and Cooperation at 14 Months of Age 2007Attribution of Beliefs by 13-Month-Old Infants 2009Eighteen-month-old infants show false belief understanding in an active helping paradigm

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