Acquisition of segmental structure in first language acquisition is accomplished through the interaction of Universal Grammar and the learner's detection of phonemic contrasts in the input (Rice and Avery, 1995; Brown and Matthews, 1993,1997). This article investigates the acquisition of the English /l–r/,/b–v/ and /f–v/ contrasts by second language learners whose L1s do not contrast these segments. Based on L1 phonological acquisition and infant speech perception research,a model of phonological interference is developed which explains how the influence of the L1 phonology originates and identifies the level of phonological knowledge that impinges upon L2 acquisition. It is proposed that if a learner's L1 grammar lacks the phonological feature that differentiates a particular non-native contrast, he or she will be unable to perceive the contrast and therefore unable to acquire the novel segmental representations. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, two experimental studies were conducted. Experiment 1 investigates the acquisition of /l/ and /r/ by Chinese and Japanese speakers; the acquisition of the /l–r/, /b–v/ and /f–v/ contrasts by Japanese speakers is compared in experiment 2. The results from an AX discrimination task and a picture selection task indicate that successful acquisition of a non-native contrast is constrained by the learner's L1 grammar. Differences between Chinese and Japanese speakers (experiment 1) and differences in the acquisition of several different contrasts among Japanese speakers (experiment 2) are argued to reflect subtle phonological properties of the learners' respective L1s. These findings demonstrate that a speaker's L1 grammar may actually impede the operation of UG, preventing the L2 learner from acquiring a non-native phonemic contrast.
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