Copper Metallurgy in the Jordan Valley from the Third to the First Millennia BC: Chemical, Metallographic and Lead Isotope Analyses of Artefacts from Pella

Graham Philip · Philip W. Clogg · Sophie Stos

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Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts Archaeology and ancient environmental studies Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis

Abstract

This paper investigates Bronze and Iron Age metallurgy in the Levant while recognizing that metal artefacts were employed within a world in which social, economic and technological factors were closely intertwined. This theme is addressed through the investigation of sixty-eight copper-base artefacts from the site of Pella in the Jordan Valley, taken from contexts spanning the Early Bronze Age through to the early Iron Age. Data arising from a combination of chemical, metallographic and lead isotope analyses are considered in terms of artefact typology, manufacturing techniques and archaeological context, and their social and economic implications for ancient metallurgy discussed.

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References

1957Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament 1952Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament 1992Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals 1994Social agency and the dynamics of prehistoric technology 2000The Amarna Letters 1955Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement 2002The Amarna Letters 1995LEAD ISOTOPE DATA FROM THE ISOTRACE LABORATORY, OXFORD: ARCHAEOMETRY DATA BASE 1, ORES FROM THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN *

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2017Change and continuity in the long-distance exchange networks between western/central Anatolia, northern Levant and northern Mesopotamia, c.3200–1600 BCE 2006EARLY BRONZE AGE METAL TRADE IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. NEW COMPOSITIONAL AND LEAD ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FROM CYPRUS 2014Copper processing in the oases of northwest Arabia: technology, alloys and provenance 2014Corridors and Colonies: Comparing Fourth–Third Millennia BC Interactions in Southeast Anatolia and the Levant 2011The desert and the sown: Nomad–farmer interactions in the Wadi Faynan, southern Jordan

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