Global Traits: A Neo-Allportian Approach to Personality

David C. Funder

475 citations0/0 files storedPsychological Science

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Reading and Literacy Development Literacy and Educational Practices Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Abstract

This monograph discusses research, theory, and practice relevant to how children learn to read English. After an initial overview of writing systems, the discussion summarizes research from developmental psychology on children's language competency when they enter school and on the nature of early reading development. Subsequent sections review theories of learning to read, the characteristics of children who do not learn to read (i.e., who have developmental dyslexia), research from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience on skilled reading, and connectionist models of learning to read. The implications of the research findings for learning to read and teaching reading are discussed. Next, the primary methods used to teach reading (phonics and whole language) are summarized. The final section reviews laboratory and classroom studies on teaching reading. From these different sources of evidence, two inescapable conclusions emerge: (a) Mastering the alphabetic principle (that written symbols are associated with phonemes) is essential to becoming proficient in the skill of reading, and (b) methods that teach this principle directly are more effective than those that do not (especially for children who are at risk in some way for having difficulty learning to read). Using whole-language activities to supplement phonics instruction does help make reading fun and meaningful for children, but ultimately, phonics instruction is critically important because it helps beginning readers understand the alphabetic principle and learn new words. Thus, elementary-school teachers who make the alphabetic principle explicit are most effective in helping their students become skilled, independent readers.

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1994Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale 2004Personality Architecture: Within-Person Structures and Processes 2001Carving personality description at its joints: Confirmation of three replicable personality prototypes for both children and adults 2006Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology.2017Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development 2012Dimensions of Normal Personality as Networks in Search of Equilibrium: You Can't like Parties if you Don't like People

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