Intimate partner violence and its association with women's reproductive health in Pakistan

Rubeena Zakar · Muhammad Zakria Zakar · Rafael Mikolajczyk · Alexander Krämer

60 citations0/0 files storedInternational Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

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Intimate Partner and Family Violence Reproductive Health and Contraception Elder Abuse and Neglect

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence in Pakistan and its association with reproductive health outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8 hospitals in Lahore and Sialkot between October 2008 and January 2009. Information from randomly selected ever-married women of reproductive age was collected via a structured interview. Psychologic, physical, and sexual violence was categorized as "no" or "severe" violence. Associations between reproductive health outcomes and violence were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 373 women interviewed, 75.9% reported severe psychologic, 34.6% reported severe sexual, and 31.9% reported severe physical violence at least once in marital life. Women who experienced severe physical violence were more likely to have their husband's noncooperation in using contraceptives (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93-5.68), poor prenatal care (AOR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.23-3.69), unplanned pregnancies (AOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.39-3.76), and poor self-reported reproductive health (AOR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.71-4.91) as compared with non-abused women. Similar associations existed for other types of violence. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the magnitude of violence and its association with reproductive health of women. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the violence and its consequential damage to health.

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References

1996The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2)2002Health consequences of intimate partner violence 2005WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses 2001Putting women first : ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women 2006Global Gender Gap Report 2007Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women 2005Is Intimate Partner Violence Associated with Unintended Pregnancy? A Review of the Literature 1999Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women

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2014Child Marriage and Its Associations With Controlling Behaviors and Spousal Violence Against Adolescent and Young Women in Pakistan 2017Exploring the associations between intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy and delayed entry into prenatal care: Evidence from a population-based study in Bangladesh 2021Spousal violence against women and its consequences on pregnancy outcomes and reproductive health of women in India 2015Circumstances leading to intimate partner violence against women married as children: a qualitative study in Urban Slums of Lahore, Pakistan

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