The association of intimate partner violence with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss in Pakistan

Rubeena Zakar · Muazzam Nasrullah · Muhammad Zakria Zakar · Hussain Ali

40 citations0/0 files storedInternational Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

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Intimate Partner and Family Violence Reproductive Health and Contraception Global Maternal and Child Health

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine if intimate partner violence (IPV) was associated with unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss among married women in Pakistan. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using nationally representative cross-sectional secondary data from women of reproductive age who were currently married and had participated in the domestic violence module of the 2012-13 Pakistan Demographic and Heath Survey. Unintended pregnancy and pregnancy loss were defined as any mistimed or unwanted pregnancy, and any pregnancy that resulted in spontaneous abortion, induced abortion, or stillbirth, respectively. Associations with IPV were assessed by calculating adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Data from 3518 individuals were included. Pregnancy loss had been experienced by 1282 (36.4%) participants and unintended pregnancy was reported by 391 (19.5%) of 2005 individuals this information was available for. In total, 1335 (37.9%) participants reported having ever experienced any form of IPV, including 919 (26.1%), 1112 (31.6%), and 697 (19.8%) participants who had experienced physical, emotional, and both emotional and physical IPV. Significant associations were observed between participants experiencing either physical or emotional IPV, emotional IPV, and both emotional and physical IPV, and unintended pregnancy (P=0.017, P<0.001, and P=0.011, respectively) and pregnancy loss (P=0.002, P=0.005, and P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to develop preventive strategies to reduce intramarital IPV and its associated poor health outcomes.

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References

2002Health consequences of intimate partner violence 2005WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses 2012Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO Multi‐country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence 2007Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women 2005Is Intimate Partner Violence Associated with Unintended Pregnancy? A Review of the Literature 2011Intimate partner violence in urban Pakistan: prevalence, frequency, and risk factors 2007Association of intimate partner physical and sexual violence with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Peru 2008Intimate partner violence and reproductive health of women in Kenya

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2017“Keeping family matters behind closed doors”: healthcare providers’ perceptions and experiences of identifying and managing domestic violence during and after pregnancy 2020Exploring the relationship between intimate partner abuses, resilience, psychological, and physical health problems in Pakistani married couples: a perspective from the collectivistic culture 2020Intimate partner violence against women and its association with pregnancy loss in Ethiopia: evidence from a national survey

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