Culture and early infancy among central African foragers and farmers.

Barry S. Hewlett · Michael E. Lamb · Donald Shannon · Birgit Leyendecker · Axel Schölmerich

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Child and Animal Learning Development Primate Behavior and Ecology Infant Health and Development

Abstract

Everyday infant experiences among the Aka hunter-gatherers and the neighboring Ngandu farmers were observed and compared. Twenty Aka and 21 Ngandu 3- to 4-month-olds and 20 Aka and 20 Ngandu 9- to 10-month-olds were observed for 3 hr on each of 4 days so that all 12 daylight hr were covered. The Aka infants were more likely to be held, fed, and asleep or drowsy, whereas Ngandu infants were more likely to be alone and to fuss or cry, smile, vocalize, or play. The amount of crying, soothing, feeding, and sleeping declined over time in both groups. Distal social interaction increased over time among the Ngandu but not among the Aka. Despite striking cultural differences on many variables, however, functional context systematically affected the relative prominence of the infants' behavior in both cultural groups.

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References

1988Children of different worlds: the formation of social behavior 1992Cultural and educational variations in maternal responsiveness.1997Child care and culture: lessons from Africa 1990Health and the rise of civilization 1977Culture and infancy : variations in the human experience 1984The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, I: Stability and Change in Mother-Infant and Father-Infant Interaction in a Family Setting at One, Three, and Nine Months 1988Human parental care: Universal goals, cultural strategies, individual behavior 1975Children of Six Cultures

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2011Autonomy and Relatedness Revisited: Cultural Manifestations of Universal Human Needs 2015Cultural Variation in the Use of Overimitation by the Aka and Ngandu of the Congo Basin 1998Social and emotional development from a cultural perspective.2000Internal Working Models, Trust, and Sharing among Foragers 2005Ecocultural Effects on Early Infant Care: A Study in Cameroon, India, and Germany

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