Study to explain changes in demographic behavior observed in a small area of rural Karnataka over the last third of a century. An anthropological approach was employed with the authors living in villages several months per year learning by participant observation. Censuses and surveys were also employed. Among the demographic changes observed are declining mortality rising age at female marriage reductions in fertility and shortened periods of postnatal female sexual abstinence and lactation. These demographic changes are products of massive social and economic changes including growth of nonagricultural employment; expansion of exchange at the expense of home production and consumption and increasing monetization and commercialization of exchange; the provision of schools; establishment of a dense network of health care centers and doctors; and attempts to implement land reform. Resistance to sterilization virtually the only family planning option offered in this area is strong due to doubts about the reality of economic and social gains and fears of physical consequences.
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