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Literacy Outcomes of Children With Early Childhood Speech Sound Disorders: Impact of Endophenotypes

Barbara Ann Lewis · Allison Avrich Ciesla · Lisa A. Freebairn · Amy J. Hansen · Lara E. Sucheston · Hudson Gerry Taylor +2 more

71 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Speech Language and Hearing Research

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Reading and Literacy Development Phonetics and Phonology Research Language Development and Disorders

Abstract

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) and later school-age reading, written expression, and spelling skills are influenced by shared endophenotypes that may be in part genetic. METHOD: Children with SSD and their siblings were assessed at early childhood (ages 4-6 years) and followed at school age (7-12 years). The relationship of shared endophenotypes with early childhood SSD and school-age outcomes and the shared genetic influences on these outcomes were examined. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling demonstrated that oral motor skills, phonological awareness, phonological memory, vocabulary, and speeded naming have varying influences on reading decoding, spelling, spoken language, and written expression at school age. Genetic linkage studies demonstrated linkage for reading, spelling, and written expression measures to regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 15 that were previously linked to oral motor skills, articulation, phonological memory, and vocabulary at early childhood testing. CONCLUSIONS: Endophenotypes predict school-age literacy outcomes over and above that predicted by clinical diagnoses of SSD or language impairment. Findings suggest that these shared endophenotypes and common genetic influences affect early childhood SSD and later school-age reading, spelling, spoken language, and written expression skills.

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References

1990Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection?2004Developmental Dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment: Same or Different?2001Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing 1989Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised 2020Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 1990A Prospective Study of the Relationship between Specific Language Impairment, Phonological Disorders and Reading Retardation 2012Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test 1999Language Basis of Reading and Reading Disabilities: Evidence From a Longitudinal Investigation

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2022Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) as a Kindergarten Predictor of Future Reading in English: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis 2018UltraSuite: A Repository of Ultrasound and Acoustic Data from Child Speech Therapy Sessions 2020Reading Risk in Children With Speech Sound Disorder: Prevalence, Persistence, and Predictors 2015Identifying and managing common childhood language and speech impairments 2018Exploring the Overlap Between Dyslexia and Speech Sound Production Deficits

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