Relationship of Race, Sex, Social Class, and Social Mobility to Depression in Normal Adults

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70 citations0/0 files storedThe Journal of Social Psychology

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Health disparities and outcomes Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Health and Well-being Studies

Abstract

Summary This study examined the relationship of depression to race, sex, social class and social mobility. The sample included 34 Black female, 32 Black male, 31 White female, and 37 White male upper- and middle-class adults. A questionnaire contained a demographic background data sheet, the Zung Depression Scale, Wessman-Ricks Mood Scale, Osgood's Semantic Differential, the Buss-Durkee and Mosher guilt inventory, the Blatt, D'Afflitti, and Quinlan Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, Jackson's Personality Research Form-Succorance Scale, the Social Readjustment Scale, and the Rotter I.E. Scale. Female status, lower social class, and downward social mobility were related to greater depression. Though Blacks had a greater number of stressful life events and felt more externally oriented than Whites, there were no significant relationships between race and measures of depression. There was an interesting race by social mobility interaction, however, in which upwardly mobile Blacks and downwardly mobile Whites felt more dependent, external, and self-critical. The results indicate that sex, social class, and social mobility factors had a more significant relationship to depression than did race.

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References

1966Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.1967The social readjustment rating scale 1957The Measurement of Meaning 1958Social class and mental illness: Community study.1959Social Class and Mental Illness 1957An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility.1976Experiences of depression in normal young adults.1974Levels of Object Representation in Anaclitic and Introjective Depression

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2018Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men 2018Subjective Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Association between Discrimination and Depression in African American Youth 1992Psychometric Properties of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire for Adolescents 1982Modelling social support, life events, competence, and depression in the context of age and sex 1983Race, ethnicity, and depression: A confirmatory analysis.

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