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In the spring of 2002, columnist William Pfaff contrasted what he saw as Americans' over-reaction to the events of September 11,2001, with their steadfast behaviour during the Cold War. Despite the Soviet challenge and the threat of thermonuclear war, he asserted, "There was never much anxiety in the United States about future events, or fear of enemy attack, during the Cold War ... ." But Pfaff s memory seemed to have failed him, for at least one major Cold War episode did evoke fear of physical attack and doubts about national survival. Ironically, it was not a military action that triggered it but rather an ostensibly peaceful, scientific demonstration. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first earth satellite, dubbed "Sputnik," and thereby aroused both an immediate panic and a longer-range reassessment of America's character, goals, and pur- poses, both reminiscent of and intriguingly different from the coun- try's reaction to the assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
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