The Female Athlete Triad: Are Elite Athletes at Increased Risk?

Monica Klungland Torstveit · Jorunn Kaiander Sundgot-Borgen

240 citations0/0 files storedMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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Eating Disorders and Behaviors Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior Health and Lifestyle Studies

Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the percentage of elite athletes and controls at risk of the female athlete triad. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire, which included questions regarding training and/or physical activity patterns, menstrual history, oral contraceptive use, weight history, eating patterns, dietary history, and the Body Dissatisfaction (BD) and Drive for Thinness (DT) subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), was prepared. The questionnaire was administered to the total population of female elite athletes in Norway representing the national teams at the junior or senior level, 13-39 yr of age (N = 938) and non-athlete controls in the same age group (N = 900). After exclusion, a total of 669 athletes (88%) and 607 controls (70%) completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. RESULTS: A higher percentage of controls (69.2%) than athletes (60.4%) was classified as being at risk of the Triad (P < 0.01). A higher percentage of controls than athletes reported use of pathogenic weight-control methods and had high BD subscale scores (P < 0.001). However, more athletes reported menstrual dysfunction and stress fractures compared with controls (P < 0.05). A higher percentage of both athletes competing in leanness sports (70.1%) and the non-athlete control group (69.2%) was classified as being at risk of the Triad compared with athletes competing in non-leanness sports (55.3%) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a higher percentage of athletes competing in aesthetic sports (66.4%) than ball game sports (52.6%) was classified as being at risk of the Triad (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More athletes competing in leanness sports and more non-athlete controls were classified as being at risk of the Triad compared with athletes competing in non-leanness sports.

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References

2007The Female Athlete Triad 2004Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes Is Higher Than in the General Population 1997ACSM Position Stand: The Female Athlete Triad 1993The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis 1993The female athlete triad 1993Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Elite Female Athletes 1995The spectrum of eating disturbances 2002Elite athletes: Effects of the pressure to be thin

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2006The Prevalence of Disordered Eating, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Low Bone Mineral Density among US Collegiate Athletes 2009Dieting and disordered eating in German high school athletes and non‐athletes 2012The Female Athlete Triad 2005The Female Athlete Triad Exists in Both Elite Athletes and Controls 2007Eating Disorders in Sport: From Theory to Research to Intervention 2008Psychologic Stress Related to Injury and Impact on Sport Performance

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