Implicit and explicit control of motor actions: Revisiting some early evidence

Richard Mullen · Lew Hardy · Anthony R.H. Oldham

68 citations0/0 files storedBritish Journal of Psychology

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Sport Psychology and Performance Motor Control and Adaptation Sports and Physical Education Research

Abstract

Two studies have questioned Masters' (1992) contention that skills acquired in implicit practice conditions are less likely to fail under pressure than those acquired explicitly. The studies produced conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to revisit the designs of both studies in an attempt to clarify the situation. Thirty-two participants were allocated to one of three separate implicit training groups or an explicit training group, and practised putting golf balls. Participants were exposed to an anxiety intervention at two points during practice. Putting performance across practice and anxiety phases were analysed using the number of putts successfully completed as the main dependent variable. We found further evidence for the suggestion that motor skills are robust under pressure when acquired in implicit practice conditions.

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References

1999The Atomic Components of Thought 1992Knowledge, knerves and know‐how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure 1990Competitive anxiety in sport 2001Analogy learning: A means to implicit motor learning 2001The implicit benefit of learning without errors 1989Implicit learning and tacit knowledge.1996Knowledge and conscious control of motor actions under stress 2002Can anticipatory skills be learned through implicit video based perceptual training?

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