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• 1972Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building537 cited
• 1990Shamans and Other “Magico‐Religious” Healers: A Cross‐Cultural Study of Their Origins, Nature, and Social Transformations155 cited
• 1989Salat in Indonesia: The Social Meanings of an Islamic Ritual115 cited
• 1977REVIVAL AND REFORM IN ISLAM101 cited
• 1985Background to the Ghana empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (mauritania)88 cited
• 1979The Sudanese Mahdī: Frontier Fundmentalist50 cited
• 2012Qur'anic andAjamiliteracies in pre-colonial West Africa42 cited
• 1993The Islamic dialogue with African traditional religion: Divination and health care37 cited
• 2003Shari'aas De-Africanization: Evidence from Hausaland33 cited
• 1993Illness, therapy, and change in Ethiopian possession cults30 cited
• 1999Imperialism, Independence, and Islam in Senegal and Mali28 cited
• 2016REFLECTIONS ON MUSLIM–CHRISTIAN ENCOUNTERS IN WEST AFRICA26 cited
• 1996The archaeology of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa: A review22 cited
• 1992Merchants, Muslims, and Wahh¯biyya: The Elaboration of Islamic Identity in Sikasso, Mali