Cranial Affinities of the Epi-Jomon Inhabitants in Hokkaido, Japan.

Yukio Dodo · Yoshinori Kawakubo

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Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology Forensic and Genetic Research

Abstract

A close resemblance between the prehistoric Jomon and modern Ainu in skeletal morphology is now widely accepted. To confirm that the Ainu are actually descended from the Jomon, all available skulls of the Epi-Jomon period in Hokkaido, roughly contemporaneous with the Yayoi and Kofun periods in mainland Japan (ca. 300 BC-700 AD), were intensively investigated in terms of metric and nonmetic variations. Craniometric analyses based on Mahalanobis' D2 distance and canonical discriminant analysis as well as cranial nonmetric analyses based on Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence and likelihood ratio analysis yielded the results that the Jomon, Epi-Jomon and Ainu are closely related with each other and distant from the mainland Japanese including the northern Kyushu Yayoi of continental lineage. From these results, we concluded that the genetic influence of Yayoi immigrants on the Epi-Jomon appears to have been very limited, if any, and the Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido were transitional in microevolutionary change from the Jomon in eastern Japan to the Hokkaido Ainu.

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References

1957Lehrbuch der Anthropologie.1982Japanese tooth size: Past and present 1998Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia 1982A Review of the Osteological Characteristics of the Jomon Population in Prehistoric Japan 1990Population history of Japan as viewed from cranial nonmetric variation.1976Dental Evidence on the Origins of the Ainu and Japanese 1974Non-Metrical Cranial Traits in the Hokkaido Ainu and the Northern Japanese of Recent Times 1994A Microevolutional History of the Japanese People from a Dental Characteristics Perspective.

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2008Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture 2007Oral and physiological paleohealth in cold adapted peoples: Northeast Asia, Hokkaido 2004Morphological affinities between Jomon and Ainu: reassessment based on nonmetric cranial traits 2009Craniometric divergence history of the Japanese populations 2009Do body proportions among Jomon foragers from Hokkaido conform to ecogeographic expectations? evolutionary implications of body size and shape among northerly hunter‐gatherers

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