The Setting for the Crack Era: Macro Forces, Micro Consequences (1960–1992)

Eloise Dunlap · Bruce D. Johnson

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Youth, Drugs, and Violence Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the social history leading up to the crack era, especially 1960 to the present. The central theme holds that several major macro social forces (e.g., economic decline, job loss, ghettoization, housing abandonment, homelessness) have disproportionately impacted on the inner-city economy. These forces have created micro consequences that have impacted directly on many inner-city residents and have increased levels of distress experienced by households, families, and individuals. Economic marginality has generated high levels of alcohol and other drug abuse as well as criminality, which are exemplified in this article by one inner-city household having an extensive family history exhibiting the chronic impacts of these macro forces and their micro consequences.

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References

2012The Truly Disadvantaged 1967The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1968The Subculture of Violence 1992The Urban Underclass.1990A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society.1965Manchild in the promised land 1992The Developmental Cycle of a Drug Epidemic: The Cocaine Smoking Epidemic of 1981–1991 1990Drug Abuse in the Inner City: Impact on Hard-Drug Users and the Community

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2006The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era: Empowerment is not Enough 1998Nurturing for Careers in Drug Use and Crime: Conduct Norms for Children and Juveniles in Crack-Using Households 1996Family and Human Resources in the Development of a Female Crack-Seller Career: Case Study of a Hidden Population 2010Macro-Level Social Forces and Micro-Level Consequences: Poverty, Alternate Occupations, and Drug Dealing 2008An Examination of the Perceived Social Support Levels of Women in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs Who Experience Various Forms of Intimate Partner Violence

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