Article1986

Optimism and Pessimism in Elementary School-Aged Children

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Optimism, Hope, and Well-being Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research

Abstract

FISCHER, MARIELLEN, and LEITENBERG, HAROLD. Optimism and Pessimism in Elementary SchoolAged Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 241-248. A study of young children's expectancies about their general success or failure in adult life revealed that the overwhelming majority were quite optimistic and minimally pessimistic. There were no sex differences and no age differences in either optimism or pessimism within this predominantly Caucasian sample of 9-13-year-olds. A psychometric analysis indicated that optimism and pessimism could be considered as separate factors rather than as opposite poles of a single factor. There was also a stronger negative association between pessimism and self-esteem than a positive association between optimism and self-esteem. Finally, children's optimism or pessimism about their distant future was not related to their current social success or failure, as measured by their popularity with peers.

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References

1965Society and the Adolescent Self-Image 1975The psychology of sex differences 1974The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale.1980Unrealistic optimism about future life events.1963Thinking and Depression 1975Hopelessness and suicidal behavior. An overview 1960Yeasayers and naysayers: Agreeing response set as a personality variable.1983Hopelessness, depression, and suicidal intent among psychiatrically disturbed inpatient children.

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