Female Promotions in Male-Dominant Organizations: The Case of the United States Military

Abstract

This article reports the outcome of more than 350,000 promotion decisions affecting middle-grade military officers. Data indicate males have higher promotion rates than females in the Army and Navy, while females have higher promotion rates than males in the Air Force. However, male and female promotion rates are similar in the combined services, and male promotion-rate advantages generally have diminished or disappeared in recent years. Data further indicate women leave the officer corps at high rates and are still grossly underrepresented among those promoted to middle-grade officer ranks.

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