Differential Validity and Differential Prediction of Cognitive Ability Tests: Understanding Test Bias in the Employment Context

Christopher M. Berry

67 citations0/0 files storedAnnual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Social and Intergroup Psychology Cognitive Abilities and Testing

Abstract

Substantial mean score differences and significant adverse impact have long motivated the question of whether cognitive ability tests are biased against certain non-White subgroups. This article presents a framework for understanding the interrelated issues of adverse impact and test bias, with particular focus on two forms of test bias especially relevant for personnel selection: differential validity and differential prediction. Ethical and legal reasons that organizations should be concerned about differential validity/prediction are discussed. This article also serves as a critical review of the research literature on differential validity/prediction. The general conclusion is that available evidence supports the existence of differential validity/prediction in the form of correlation/slope and intercept differences between White and non-White subgroups. Implications for individuals and organizations are outlined, and a future research agenda is proposed highlighting the need for new, better data; new, better methods of testing for differential validity/prediction; and investigation of substantive factors causing differential validity/prediction.

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References

1995Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.2015Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings 1998The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings.1999Social Dominance 2000Social dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression 2007Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing 2004Methods of Meta-Analysis 2017Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.

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