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Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Athletes and Sedentary Students

Anne Z. Hoch · Nicholas M. Pajewski · LuAnn Moraski · Guillermo F. Carrera · Raymond G. Hoffmann · Jane E Schimke +1 more

223 citations0/0 files storedClinical Journal of Sport Medicine

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Eating Disorders and Behaviors Bone health and osteoporosis research Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the female athlete triad (low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density) in high school varsity athletes in a variety of sports compared with sedentary students/control subjects. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Academic medical center in the Midwest. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty varsity athletes and 80 sedentary students/control subjects volunteered for this study. INTERVENTION: Subjects completed questionnaires, had their blood drawn, and underwent bone mineral density testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Each participant completed screening questionnaires assessing eating behavior, menstrual status, and physical activity. Each subject completed a 3-day food diary. Serum hormonal, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin levels were determined. Bone mineral density and body composition were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Low energy availability was present in similar numbers of athletes (36%) and sedentary/control subjects (39%; P = 0.74). Athletes had more menstrual abnormalities (54%) compared with sedentary students/control subjects (21%) (P < 0.001). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry revealed that 16% of the athletes and 30% of the sedentary/control subjects had low bone mineral density (P = 0.03). Risk factors for reduced bone mineral density include sedentary control student, low body mass index, and increased caffeine consumption. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of high school athletes (78%) and a surprising number of sedentary students (65%) have 1 or more components of the triad. Given the high prevalence of triad characteristics in both groups, education in the formative elementary school years has the potential to prevent several of the components in both groups, therefore improving health and averting long-term complications.

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References

1982The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates 2007The Female Athlete Triad 2007American College of Sports Medicine position stand, rhe female athlete triad 1997ACSM Position Stand: The Female Athlete Triad 1993The female athlete triad 2003Disordered Eating, Menstrual Irregularity, and Bone Mineral Density in Female Runners 2006Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad Syndrome Among High School Athletes

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2013Prevalence of Individual and Combined Components of the Female Athlete Triad 2012The Female Athlete Triad 2011Associations Between Disordered Eating, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Musculoskeletal Injury Among High School Athletes 2013Female Athlete Triad and Its Components: Toward Improved Screening and Management 2022Eating‐disorder psychopathology in female athletes and non‐athletes : A meta‐analysis 2015Female Athlete Triad 2016The Female Athlete Triad

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