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This case study explored the perceptions of stakeholders about the development and delivery of information literacy instruction (ILI) to students at four universities, identified perceived challenges of including IL as a credit course in the curriculum, and resulted in a conceptual framework of best practices based on the findings. Constructs from change theory, learning theory, leadership theory and collaboration theory served as lenses to interpret the results. The findings showed that IL is primarily a concern of librarians and has not yet had an impact on Vietnamese campus culture. IL activities at these four university libraries mostly take the form of lectures, workshops, and modules on basic IL skills designed and delivered by instruction librarians, and attended at the discretion of students. Few ILI activities are subject discipline-related and target the information needs of students in a particular area. Assessment has been formative and provides minimal feedback to students and instruction librarians. Respondents reported challenges of including ILI as a credit course in the curriculum, including the impact of the credit system, the lasting impact of teacher-centered instruction and rote learning, misperceptions of stakeholders about the effect of IL on student learning outcomes (SLO), degree of support of academic stakeholders, degree of faculty-librarian collaboration, and scarcity of resources. The study provides ample evidence that all stakeholder groups recognize the value of ILI and support progress in the area. IL practitioners and researchers argue that instruction librarians and library administrators should be leaders in IL initiatives, and act as change agents through disseminating the mission and values of IL to the campus community.
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