Beliefs in the Future as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review

Rachel C. F. Sun · Daniel T. L. Shek

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Optimism, Hope, and Well-being Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research

Abstract

Beliefs in the future are an internalization of hope and optimism about future outcomes. This paper reviews and compares several theories of hope and optimism and highlights the features constituting beliefs in the future. This paper points out that beliefs in the future include a series of goal-directed thoughts and motivation, such as setting up valued and attainable goals, planning pathways, and maintaining self-confidence and mastery, so as to keep adolescents engaged in the pursuit of goals. This kind of personal mastery, together with sociocultural values, family, school, and peers are the antecedents leading to beliefs in the future, which is related to adolescents' well-being and positive development. In order to cultivate adolescents' beliefs in the future, enabling their ability to manipulate goal-directed thoughts and motivation and providing a supportive environment including their family, school, peers, and the society are recommended.

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References

1979The ecology of human development : experiments by nature and design 2000Expectancy–Value Theory of Achievement Motivation 1985Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.1954Social learning and clinical psychology.1991The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope.2002TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind 1996Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.1991The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope.

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