GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUTING DISTANCE, RESIDENCE, AND EMPLOYMENT LOCATION: METROPOLITAN HAIFA 1972 AND 1983

Orna Blumen · Aharon Kellerman

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Transportation Planning and Optimization Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics Labour Market and Migration

Abstract

This paper highlights three major aspects of gender differences in employment in Haifa, Israel (1972 and 1983): commuting distance, place of residence, and employment location. In 1972 working womenaposs residences were more central-city-oriented, whereas in 1983 they were more suburbanized. Commuting distances increased between 1972 and 1983 for both sexes, but more for men than for women. This shorter “female'’distance is related to the location of employment and its occupational segregation. The lower commuting values in Haifa compared to other places relate to the size, housing patterns, and structure of the study area, and to its levels of suburbanization and automobile ownership.

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References

1981Why Women Work Closer to Home 1983Towards an Understanding of the Gender Division of Urban Space 1985GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK-TRIP LENGTH: EXPLANATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 1980Gender and Urban Activity Patterns in Uppsala, Sweden 1981Women and the American city 1988SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR IN A LOCAL LABOR MARKET 1980City Spatial Structure, Women's Household Work, and National Urban Policy 1988CAPTIVE RIDER, CAPTIVE LABOR: SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS AND WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT

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