Culture’s Constraints

Michele Joy Gelfand

138 citations0/0 files storedCurrent Directions in Psychological Science

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Cultural Differences and Values Social and Intergroup Psychology Social Representations and Identity

Abstract

Recent research has identified a critical contrast between societies that are tight (i.e., societies that have strong norms and a low tolerance for deviant behavior) and those that are loose (i.e., societies that have weak norms and a high tolerance for deviant behavior). I review differences between tight and loose cultures—from differences in ecological and historical conditions to the strength of everyday social situations and individual differences in psychological processes—and discuss the implications of this cultural contrast for research and practice in psychological science.

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References

1989The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.1997Manuscript Preparation 2011Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study 1994Individual differences in need for cognitive closure.1996Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview 1997Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan.2006On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.1986On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity.

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