On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness.

Michele Joy Gelfand · Lisa H. Nishii · Jana L. Raver

1,095 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Applied Psychology

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Cultural Differences and Values Global and Cross-Cultural Management Culture, Economy, and Development Studies

Abstract

Cross-cultural research is dominated by the use of values despite their mixed empirical support and their limited theoretical scope. This article expands the dominant paradigm in cross-cultural research by developing a theory of cultural tightness-looseness (the strength of social norms and the degree of sanctioning within societies) and by advancing a multilevel research agenda for future research. Through an exploration of the top-down, bottom-up, and moderating impact that cultural tightness-looseness has on individuals and organizations, as well as on variance at multiple levels of analysis, the theory provides a new and complementary perspective to the values approach.

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References

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2007Abusive Supervision in Work Organizations: Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda 2006Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior 2007Cross-National, Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior Research: Advances, Gaps, and Recommendations 2011Within- and between-culture variation: Individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures.2014Tightness–looseness across the 50 united states

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