Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers

Donald C. Hambrick · Phyllis A. Mason

10,217 citations0/0 files storedAcademy of Management Review

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Human Resource and Talent Management Corporate Finance and Governance Management and Organizational Studies

Abstract

Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.

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1979The Social Psychology of Organizations.2019American Economic Review 1969The social psychology of organizing 1977The Population Ecology of Organizations 1933The Modern Corporation and Private Property 1967Organization and environment 1978The External Control of Organizations.1972Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice

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1997Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of who and What Really Counts 1990Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications 1993Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences 2007Upper Echelons Theory: An Update 1999An Organizational Learning Framework: From Intuition to Institution 1993Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences 1990

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