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miade great strides in developing theories and research-based evidence about how to teach elementary school mathematics in a way that develops students' mathematical understanding.Much of this progress has grown out of research projects that engage teachers in learning to teach mathemiatics.These projects have not only shown what is possible for teachers and students but have also provided insight into how to support teachers in their own leamning.We use one particular research and development project, Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI), as an illustration of how theory and research inform the teaching and learning of mathematics.The key to CGI has been an explicit, consistent focus on the development of children's mathematical thinking (Carpenter, Fennema, & Franke, 1996).This focus serves as the guide for understanding CGI's contributions as well as its evolution.'Initiated over 15 years ago by Carpenter, Fennema, and Peterson, CGI sought to bring together research on the development of children's mathernatical thinking and research on teaching (Carpenter, Fennema, Peterson, Chiang, & Loef, 1989).This research project engaged first-grade teachers with the research-based knowledge about the development of children's mathematical think-
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