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In the productivity modelling literature, the disturbances U (representing technical inefficiency) and V (representing noise) of the composite error W=V−U of the stochastic frontier model are assumed to be independent random variables. By employing the copula approach to statistical modelling, the joint behaviour of U and V can be parametrized thereby allowing the data the opportunity to determine the adequacy of the independence assumption. In this context, three examples of the copula approach are given: the first is algebraic (the Logistic‐Exponential stochastic frontier model with margins bound by the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copula), the second uses a cross‐section of cost data sampled from the US electrical power industry and the third constructs a model for panel data that is then used to conduct a Monte Carlo exercise in which estimator bias is examined when the dependence structure is incorrectly ignored.
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