How does negative life change following disaster response impact distress among Red Cross responders?

Shannon E. McCaslin · Gerard A. Jacobs · Erika Johnson-Jimenez · Thomas J. Metzler · Charles R. Marmar

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Disaster Management and Resilience Disaster Response and Management

Abstract

The American Red Cross is the largest nongovernmental organization responding to disasters in the United States. This study investigated the impact of negative life change occurring in the year following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on levels of distress among 757 Red Cross Disaster Services Human Resources (national disaster team) employees and volunteers who responded to this disaster. Negative life change in the year following disaster response fully mediated the relationship between disaster response and symptoms of depression and partially mediated the responses between disaster response and posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms. Results highlight the importance of life experiences in the year following disaster response and, therefore, the education and follow-up services provided to disaster workers prior to and following disaster assignment. Suggestions for monitoring disaster-related stress during and following assignment are provided.

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References

1994Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States 1995Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey 2007The Impact of Event Scale: Revised 1978Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey.1997Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD 2003Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised 2004Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress 2004Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression in Disaster or Rescue Workers

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