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Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents with Reading Disability

520 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

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Reading and Literacy Development Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

This study investigated the association between reading disability (RD) and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a large community sample of twins with (N = 209) and without RD (N = 192). The primary goals were to clarify the relation between RD and comorbid psychopathology, to test for gender differences in the behavioral correlates of RD, and to test if common familial influences contributed to the association between RD and other disorders. Results indicated that individuals with RD exhibited significantly higher rates of all internalizing and externalizing disorders than individuals without RD. However, logistic regression analyses indicated that RD was not significantly associated with symptoms of aggression, delinquency, oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder after controlling for the significant relation between RD and ADHD. In contrast, relations between RD and symptoms of anxiety and depression remained significant even after controlling for comorbid ADHD, suggesting that internalizing difficulties may be specifically associated with RD. Analyses of gender differences indicated that the significant relation between RD and internalizing symptoms was largely restricted to girls, whereas the association between RD and externalizing psychopathology was stronger for boys. Finally, preliminary etiological analyses suggested that common familial factors predispose both probands with RD and their non-RD siblings to exhibit externalizing behaviors, whereas elevations of internalizing symptomatology are restricted to individuals with RD.

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References

1975Four Factor Index of Social Status 1955Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.1987The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills.1992Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms.1990Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study 1986Normative and reliability data for the children's depression inventory 1976Isle of Wight Studies, 1964–1974 1989IQ Is Irrelevant to the Definition of Learning Disabilities

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2014Effectiveness of Treatment Approaches for Children and Adolescents with Reading Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials 2005Literacy difficulties and psychiatric disorders: evidence for comorbidity 2013Comorbidity Between Reading Disability and Math Disability 2011Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders – a commentary on proposals for DSM‐5 2009Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum

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