Article2005

Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Model for Major Depression in Women

Kenneth S. Kendler · Charles O. Gardner · Carol Arlene Prescott

96 citations0/0 files storedFOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry

No readable copy stored yet — this record is metadata only.

No open-access location is known for this record yet.

Literature note Cite in a project Citation map

Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes Mental Health Treatment and Access

Abstract

Objective: Major depression is a multifactorial disorder with many etiologic variables that are interrelated through developmental pathways. The authors used structural equation modeling to generate a developmental model for the etiology of major depression in women. Method: Data from 1,942 adult female twins, interviewed up to four times over a 9-year period, were used to construct a developmental model to predict depressive episodes in the year before the most recent interview. Eighteen risk factors in five developmental tiers were considered: 1) childhood (genetic risk, disturbed family environment, childhood sexual abuse, and childhood parental loss), 2) early adolescence (neuroticism, self-esteem, and early-onset anxiety and conduct disorder), 3) late adolescence (educational attainment, lifetime traumas, social support, and substance misuse), 4) adulthood (history of divorce and past history of major depression), and 5) the last year (marital problems, difficulties, and stressful life events). Results: The best fitting model included six correlations and 64 paths, provided an excellent fit to the data, and explained 52% of the variance in liability to episodes of major depression. The findings suggest that the development of risk for major depression in women results from three broad pathways reflecting internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and psychosocial adversity. Conclusions: Major depression is an etiologically complex disorder, the full understanding of which will require consideration of a broad array of risk factors from multiple domains. These results, while plausible, should be treated with caution because of problems with causal inference, retrospective recall bias, and the limitations of a purely additive statistical model.

Paper brief

Loading…

Cite this work

Citation unavailable for this work.

BibTeX RIS CSL-JSON

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Citations in this library

Citation map →

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 96 citations exist upstream.

References

1960A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales 1990Comparative fit indexes in structural models.1980Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.1985Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.1994Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States 1990Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach 1979A Parental Bonding Instrument 1985A revised version of the psychoticism scale

Cited by

2013Parenting During Early Adolescence and Adolescent-Onset Major Depression 2014The explanation of sexual offending: from single factor theories to integrative pluralism 2012Spiritually Integrated Treatment of Depression: A Conceptual Framework 2010Women's Retirement and Self-Assessed Well-Being: An Analysis of Three Measures of Well-Being Among Recent and Long-Term Retirees Relative to Homemakers

Explore the map →

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.

Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.