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The current study provides a thorough content analysis of use of force studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1995 and 2008. The most commonly used explanatory factors are discussed in terms of their influence on police officers’ decisions to use force during encounters with suspects. Based on the empirical evidence summarized, it appears that few suspect and encounter characteristics are highly influential in determining use of force by police. Moreover, most of the variables used throughout the literature seem to have a mixed relationship with or appear to be poor predictors of use of force by police. We offer possible explanations for the inconsistent findings and suggestions for future research in this area.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 82 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
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