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In the United States, recommendations that public budgeting systems incorporate performance information can be tracked back at least to the beginning of the 20th century when the New York Bureau of Municipal Research suggested that the New York City budget show the objectives and activities of government rather than just itemizing planned purchases (Williams, 2004). Most government budget experts, while acknowledging the many challenges to performance budgeting, posit that presenting performance information alongside budget amounts introduces a different rationality into budget decision-making by focusing funding choices on results rather than on political bartering (Willoughby, 2011: 352). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 3 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.