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T he outward signs of religious devotion varied considerably among the French royal family in the early and mid-thirteenth century, at least in those of its members who resided principally in Paris. In someone like Queen (later, queen dowager) Blanche of Castile (1188–1252) they took the form of support for the Cistercian order and an overriding concern for the spiritual welfare of her children. 1 In her son, Louis IX (r. 1226–70), they embraced ardor for the Crusade and for the evangelical piety of the mendicant friars and, especially in the second half of his career, for cumulative acts of penance, some decried by his critics as inappropriate to his royal estate. 2 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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