Monitoring Countries in a Changing World: A New Look at DIF in International Surveys

Robert J. Zwitser · Gunter Maris

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Educational Assessment and Pedagogy Survey Methodology and Nonresponse

Abstract

This paper discusses the issue of differential item functioning (DIF) in international surveys. DIF is likely to occur in international surveys. What is needed is a statistical approach that takes DIF into account, while at the same time allowing for meaningful comparisons between countries. Some existing approaches are discussed and an alternative is provided. The core of this alternative approach is to define the construct as a large set of items, and to report in terms of summary statistics. Since the data are incomplete, measurement models are used to complete the incomplete data. For that purpose, different models can be used across countries. The method is illustrated with PISA's reading literacy data. The results indicate that this approach fits the data better than the current PISA methodology; however, the league tables are nearly identical. The implications for monitoring changes over time are discussed.

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References

1969Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores 2013The standards for educational and psychological testing.1982A Rasch Model for Partial Credit Scoring 2007Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing 1994Differential Item Functioning.1997The Multidimensional Random Coefficients Multinomial Logit Model 2004Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking 2004Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices

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