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The Kappa coefficient is a measure of inter-rater agreement. This statistic measures observed agreement greater than chance and can range from -1 to 1. A value of zero indicates statistical independence and a value of 1 indicates a perfect agreement between observers. The value of Kappa is influenced by the prevalence of the evaluated condition: two observers can have a high observed agreement but low Kappa if the prevalence is very high or very low (paradox of the Kappa statistic). (Epidemiology_statistics)
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 11 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.