Prolonged grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster-bereaved individuals: latent class analysis

Lonneke I. M. Lenferink · Jos de Keijser · Geert Edzko Smid · A. A. A. Manik J. Djelantik · Paul A. Boelen

114 citations0/0 files storedEuropean Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Migration, Health and Trauma

Abstract

Background: Hundreds of individuals lost one or more significant others in the MH17 plane crash in 2014 in Ukraine. The current study is the first to explore subgroups of disaster-bereaved individuals based on presence of psychopathology clusters. This may inform the development of diagnostic instruments and tailored interventions.Objective: Aims of the current study were to examine (1) subgroups based on presence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and (2) associations between class membership, disaster-related variables (i.e. experiencing multiple losses, conducting multiple burials for the same deceased, and time to confirmation of death), and a sense of unrealness.Method: Self-rated PGD (10 items of the Traumatic Grief Inventory represented in two symptom clusters), MDD (16-item Quick Inventory Of Depressive Symptomatology represented in one symptom cluster), and PTSD (20-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 represented in four symptom clusters) from 167 participants were subjected to latent class analysis to identify subgroups (i.e. classes). Correlates of class membership were assessed using the three-step approach.Results: A three-class solution yielded the best model fit. Class 1 (Resilient class; 20.0%) was predominantly characterized by low probability of PGD, MDD, and PTSD symptom clusters, class 2 (PGD class; 41.8%) by moderate to high probability of presence of PGD, and class 3 (Combined class; 38.2%) by moderate to high probability of presence of PGD, MDD, and PTSD symptom clusters. Compared with the Resilient class, a sense of unrealness was more likely to be experienced by individuals in the PGD class and the Combined class.Conclusions: Our results indicate that subgroups of disaster-bereaved individuals can be distinguished based on the presence of PGD, MDD, and PTSD symptom clusters. A sense of unrealness was the strongest distinguishing feature of the subgroups.

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References

2013Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2014Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.2007Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study 2015The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation 2003The 16-Item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression 2002The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning 2010Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches 2009Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11

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2018Further validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report (TGI-SR): A measure of persistent complex bereavement disorder and prolonged grief disorder 2019Trajectories of grief: Comparing symptoms from the DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 diagnoses 2018Profiles of Psychological Flexibility: A Latent Class Analysis of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Model 2021

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