Managing Research, Development and Innovation: Managing the Unmanageable

Abstract

Preface. 1 R&D Organizations and Research Categories. 1.1 How Information can be Used. 1.2 A Perspective on R&D Management. 1.3 What Is Research and Development? 1.4 Research Categories. 1.5 What to Research. 1.6 Emphasis on Basic Versus Applied Research. 1.7 What is Unique About Managing R&D Organizations? 1.8 Summary. 1.9 Questions for Class Discussion. 2 Elements Needed for an R&D Organization. 2.1 People. 2.2 Specialization. 2.3 Staffing. 2.4 Ideas. 2.5 Defects in Human Information Processing. 2.6 Fads in Science. 2.7 Communication Networks. 2.8 The Innovation Process. 2.9 Funds. 2.10 A Culture for R&D Organizations. 2.11 Not-Invented-Here Syndrome. 2.12 Fit of Person and Job. 2.13 Creative Tensions: Managing Antithesis and Ambiguity. 2.14 Develop a Climate of Participation. 2.15 Summary. 2.16 Questions for Class Discussion. 3 Creating a Productive and Effective R&D Organization. 3.1 Organization Effectiveness. 3.2 Who are the Inventors and Innovators? 3.3 Odd Characteristics of Inventors and Innovators. 3.4 Researcher's Relationship with Management and Peers. 3.5 Formation of Teams. 3.6 Generating New Ideas. 3.7 Emphases on Aspects of Organizational Culture. 3.8 Ethos of A Scientific Community. 3.9 Summary. 3.10 Questions for Class Discussion. 4 Job Design and Organizational Effectiveness. 4.1 Job Attributes. 4.2 Physical Location and Communication. 4.3 Career Paths. 4.4 Dual and Triple Hierarchies. 4.5 Centralization and Decentralization. 4.6 Keeping the Researcher at the Innovation Stage. 4.7 Job Design and Conflict. 4.8 Summary. 4.9 Questions for Class Discussion. 5 Influencing People. 5.1 Attitude, Altitude Change. 5.2 Findings from Attitude Research. 5.3 Behavioral Science Division Case. 5.4 Case Analysis. 5.5 Communication Alternatives and Outcomes. 5.6 Summary. 5.7 Questions for Class Discussion. 6 Motivation in R&D Organizations. 6.1 A Model of Human Behavior. 6.2 Changing the Reward System to Support Technical Careers. 6.3 Structuring the Organization for Optimal Communication. 6.4 Rewards and Motivation. 6.5 Reward System Discussion. 6.6 Sense of Control and Community. 6.7 A Federal R&D Laboratory Case. 6.8 Summary. 6.9 Questions for Class Discussion. 7 Dealing with Diversity in R&D Organizations. 7.1 Assimilation and Multiculturalism. 7.2 Understanding Culture. 7.3 Cultural Differences. 7.4 What Happens When People from Different Cultures Work Together? 7.5 Cultural Distance. 7.6 Cultural Intelligence and Related Concepts. 7.7 A Model for Diversity in Groups. 7.8 The Status of Minorities in Work Groups. 7.9 Dealing with People from Different Disciplines, Organizational Levels, and Functions. 7.10 Intercultural Training. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 Questions for a Class Discussion. 8 Leadership in R&D Organizations. 8.1 Identifying Your Leadership Style. 8.2 Theories of Leadership and Leadership Styles. 8.3 Leadership in R&D Organizations. 8.4 R&D Leadership: A Process of Mutual Influence. 8.5 A Leadership-Style Case. 8.6 Leadership in a Creative Research Environment. 8.7 Summary. 8.8 Questions for Class Discussion. 9 Managing Conflict in R&D Organizations. 9.1 Conflict Within Individuals. 9.2 Conflict Between Individuals. 9.3 Conflict Between Groups. 9.4 Intercultural Conflict. 9.5 Personal Styles of Conflict Resolution. 9.6 Unique Issues of Conflict in R&D Organizations. 9.7 Ethics. 9.8 Summary. 9.9 Questions for Class Discussion. 10 Performance Appraisal-Employee Contribution-In R&D Organizations. 10.1 Some Negative Connotations of Performance Appraisal. 10.2 Difficulties with Employee Appraisal. 10.3 Performance Appraisal and the Management System. 10.4 Performance Appraisal and Organizational Stages. 10.5 Performance Appraisal and Organization Productivity. 10.6 Goals of Engineers Versus Scientists. 10.7 Performance Appraisal and Monetary Rewards. 10.8 Performance Appraisal in Practice. 10.9 A University Department Case. 10.10 Implementation Strategy with Emphasis on Employee Contribution. 10.11 Summary. 10.12 Questions for Class Discussion. 10.13 Appendix: Argonne National Laboratory Performance Review Information. 11 Technology Transfer. 11.1 Technology Transfer Hypotheses. 11.2 Stages of Technology Transfer. 11.3 Approaches and Factors Affecting Technology Transfer. 11.4 Role of the User. 11.5 Characteristics of Innovation and its Diffusion. 11.6 Role of People. 11.7 Boundary Spanning. 11.8 Organizational Issues in Technology Transfer. 11.9 The Agricultural Extension Model. 11.10 NASA Technology Transfer Programs. 11.11 IBM Technology Transfer Cases. 11.12 Technology Transfer Strategy. 11.13 Summary. 11.14 Questions for Class Discussion. 12 Models for Implementing Incremental and Radical Innovation. 12.1 Defining Innovation. 12.2 Strategic Choices in Technological Innovation. 12.3 Making Technological Innovation Operational. 12.4 The Market, Marketers and Market Research in Technological Innovation. 12.5 Leading Innovative Organizations. 12.6 Summary. 12.7 Questions for Class Discussion. 13 Organizational Change in R&D Settings. 13.1 Why Organizational Change? 13.2 Steps in Organizational Change. 13.3 Problems and Action Steps. 13.4 Individual Change. 13.5 Group Change: Team Building. 13.6 Organizational Change. 13.7 Evaluating Organizational Change. 13.8 Case Study in Organizational Change. 13.9 Summary. 13.10 Questions for Class Discussion. 14 Managing the Network of Technological Innovation. 14.1 Overall Trends Within and Between Sectors. 14.2 Trends in Research, Development And Innovation in the Commercial Realm. 14.3 Trends in Research, Development and Innovation in the Federal Government. 14.4 Trends in Research, Development and Innovation in Universities. 14.5 Open Innovation, Regional Economic Development, and the Global Innovation Network. 14.6 Summary. 14.7 Questions for Class Discussion. 15 University and Basic Research. 15.1 Basis for University Research Activities. 15.2 Federal Support of University Research: An Entitlement or a Means to Achieve National Goals? 15.3 Basic Research-Who Needs It? 15.4 University-Industry Linkage. 15.5 Rethinking Investment in Basic Research. 15.6 Summary and Concluding Comments. 15.7 Questions for Class Discussion. 16 R&D Organizations and Strategy. 16.1 What is Strategy? 16.2 Strategy Levels and Perspectives. 16.3 Strategy Formulation and Implementation. 16.4 Strategy Evaluation. 16.5 Strategy and Innovation. 16.6 Technology and Strategy. 16.7 Applying a Strategy Process. 16.8 Summary. 16.9 Questions for Class Discussion. 17 Research, Development, and Science Policy. 17.1 Relationships Between Science and Technology. 17.2 Technical Innovation and Economic Development. 17.3 Analysis of Investment in Basic Research. 17.4 R&D Expenditure. 17.5 R&D Productivity. 17.6 Global Perspectives on Innovation. 17.7 R&D Expenditure and Science Policy. 17.8 Summary. 17.9 Questions for Class Discussion. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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