The Use of Ochre and Painting During the Upper Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura in the Context of the Development of Ochre Use in Africa and Europe

Sibylle Wolf · Nicholas J. Conard · Harald Floss · Rimtautas Dapschauskas · Elizabeth C. Velliky · Andrew W. Kandel

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Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology Archaeological and Geological Studies Archaeology and Rock Art Studies

Abstract

Abstract While the earliest evidence for ochre use is very sparse, the habitual use of ochre by hominins appeared about 140,000 years ago and accompanied them ever since. Here, we present an overview of archaeological sites in southwestern Germany, which yielded remains of ochre. We focus on the artifacts belonging exclusively to anatomically modern humans who were the inhabitants of the cave sites in the Swabian Jura during the Upper Paleolithic. The painted limestones from the Magdalenian layers of Hohle Fels Cave are a particular focus. We present these artifacts in detail and argue that they represent the beginning of a tradition of painting in Central Europe.

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References

2004Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age 2009Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa 2011A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa 2001Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision 200782,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior 2003The invisible frontier. A multiple species model for the origin of behavioral modernity 2009Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa 2001Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary Report on the 1992–1999 Excavations of the Middle Stone Age Levels

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2021Characterizing the pigments and paints of prehistoric artists 2018Ochre and pigment use at Hohle Fels cave: Results of the first systematic review of ochre and ochre-related artefacts from the Upper Palaeolithic in Germany 2020First large‐scale provenance study of pigments reveals new complex behavioural patterns during the Upper Palaeolithic of south‐western Germany 2021Data pretreatment and multivariate analyses for ochre sourcing: Application to Leopard Cave (Erongo, Namibia)

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