Articlegold2018

Challenges faced by marginalized communities such as transgenders in Pakistan

Farah Rashid · Iffat Atif · Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Hydrie · Muhammad Waleed Bin Fawad · Hafiz Zeeshan Muzaffar · Sohail Anjum +4 more

72 citations0/0 files storedPan African Medical Journal

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LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions Homelessness and Social Issues

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Stigmatization, social exclusion and consequent banishment from the society makes transgender's life even tougher; isolating, pushing and forcing them into inappropriate conducts/habits like selling sex. This study investigates the association of social exclusion/victimization with high-risk behaviors among transgender community of Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Pakistan). METHODS: Through a cross-sectional study design, a sample of 189 transgender community living in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad was selected using snowball sampling technique. A validated close ended questionnaire was used to estimate the high-risk behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the competing outcomes associated with suicidal risk, selling sex and substance abuse. RESULTS: Majority study participants 77.8% experienced physical attacks with institutional discrimination even higher (91.5%). Commercial sex work and drug abuse was reported in 39.2% and 37.6% respectively. The prevalence of suicide ideation was high (38.6%) however, suicide attempted rate was less (18.5%). In the multivariate logistic regression, compared to those with no risk, being physically attacked increased the odds of both attempting (OR=2.18) and contemplating suicide and selling sex (OR=4.10). Nevertheless, the relative impact of institutional victimization on suicidal behavior was higher among those who were targeted on the basis of their gender identity or expression (AOR = 6.20, CI = 1.58-24.29, p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The transgender community is socially excluded by the Pakistani society where they experience high levels of physical abuse and face discriminatory behavior in daily life. Such attitudes make them vulnerable for risky behaviors; forcing them to become commercial sex workers, begging, drugs use and even suicidal ideation.

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References

2006Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons 2007Transgender Youth and Life‐Threatening Behaviors 2005Sex-work harm reduction 2012Adolescent Health and Harassment Based on Discriminatory Bias 2004Implications of Childhood Trauma for Depressed Women: An Analysis of Pathways From Childhood Sexual Abuse to Deliberate Self-Harm and Revictimization 2009Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh 2005Association Between Physical Partner Violence, Posttraumatic Stress, Childhood Trauma, and Suicide Attempts in a Community Sample of Women

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