Laser Irradiation of Organic Tattoo Pigments Releases Carcinogens with 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine Inducing DNA Strand Breaks in Human Skin Cells

Abstract

Laser irradiation is the most common way to remove unwanted tattoos. Nowadays, primarily organic pigments are used for brilliant color shades (Laux et al., 2016). Laser irradiation of organic pigments was shown to produce carcinogenic compounds after laser irradiation (Hauri and Hohl, 2015; Schreiver et al., 2015; Vasold et al., 2004). Because of the detection of carcinogens, a potential connection between tattoos and skin cancer is being controversially discussed (Kluger and Koljonen, 2012). Necessary long-term cancer studies are currently unfeasible because animal testing for tattoo-related health issues was rated unethical in Germany due to its voluntary application.

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